The Parliament and Cooperative Oversight of the Indonesian Armed Forces: Why Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia is Stable but Still in Transition

Parliamentary oversight is a cornerstone of democratic control the armed forces, but its influence on civil–military relations (CMR) remains underexplored. We argue that parliaments in transitioning democracies face unique structural challenges developing robust military compared to advanced democracies. developed typology three distinctive types parliamentary and proposed cooperative potentially offers solution faced by In our case study Indonesia, promoted harmonious working between Parliament military/executive, stabilizing CMR. However, also stalled reforms, eroded management defense sector, reinforced an unhealthy dependence self-regulate President’s appointment power forces’ commander. Over longer term, we believe Indonesian needs incorporate mix strategies raise institutional capacity strengthen defence sector.